Understanding Linux File Permissions

Linux File Permissions :

Understanding Linux File & Directory Permissions :

Linux File and directory Permission mechanism
	Read	Write	Execute
Owner	400	200	100
Group	40	20	10
Others	4	2	1

If you want to give Read, Write & Execute permission to Owner, Groups & Others, it means full permission.

400+200+100+40+20+10+4+2+1 = 777

If you do not want to give Write permission to Groups & Others, it means 

400+200+100+40+10+4+1 = 755

The best thing of this calculation, you can not make sum of a number in two different ways .

It means 644 can be made in this way only that is 400+200+40+4

The meaning of 644 is Read & Write permission to Owner and Read permission to Group and Others only.

To give 777 to a directory :

# chmod -R 777 /path/of/the/directory

where -R means Recursive, it means give this permission to all sub-directories and files.

To give 777 to a file :

# chmod 777 /path/of/the/file

Now you can create & give permissions by your own.

Install mplayer on CentOS 7.0

Install mplayer on CentOS 7.0 X86_64

If you have tried to install mplayer on CentOS and you have faced dependency errors as well as broken package error, here is the solution for you.

Run these commands on your terminal.

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/netembryo-0.1.1-4.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/lirc-libs-0.9.0-11.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/esound-libs-0.2.41-8.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/nas-libs-1.9.3-6.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/libnemesi-0.7.0-0.4.20110215git.fc19.x86_64.rpm

https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/dirac-libs-1.0.2-10.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/schroedinger-1.0.11-4.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/svgalib-1.9.25-12.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/arts-1.5.10-22.fc19.x86_64.rpm

These are the required packages which you need to download and install.

Now check if all packages are downloaded. Run this command.

ls -1 *rpm

Now install all packages using following command.

yum localinstall *rpm

Now you can install mplayer on your system. You will not get dependencies error.

yum install mplayer

Install mencoder on CentOS 7.0

Install mencoder on CentOS 7.0 X86_64

If you have tried to install mencoder on CentOS and you have faced dependency errors as well as broken package error, here is the solution for you.

Run these commands on your terminal.

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/netembryo-0.1.1-4.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/lirc-libs-0.9.0-11.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/esound-libs-0.2.41-8.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/nas-libs-1.9.3-6.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/libnemesi-0.7.0-0.4.20110215git.fc19.x86_64.rpm

https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/dirac-libs-1.0.2-10.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/schroedinger-1.0.11-4.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/svgalib-1.9.25-12.fc19.x86_64.rpm

wget https://sites.google.com/site/linuxamination/arts-1.5.10-22.fc19.x86_64.rpm

These are the required packages which you need to download and install.

Now check if all packages are downloaded. Run this command.

ls -1 *rpm

Now install all packages using following command.

yum localinstall *rpm

Now you can install mencoder on your system. You will not get dependencies error.

yum install mplayer

Install ffmpeg on CentOS 7

Install ffmpeg on CentOS 7.0 X86_64

If you have tried to install ffmpeg on CentOS 7.0, you are not able to install it.
It shows message, "No package ffmpeg found."
It doesn't mean, you can not install this package on your CentOS 7.0.
Here is the solution for you.

Run following command on terminal to download the package.

wget ftp://rpmfind.net/linux/centos/6.5/os/x86_64/Packages/libdc1394-2.1.2-3.4.el6.x86_64.rpm

Now install this downloaded package

yum -y localinstall libdc1394-2.1.2-3.4.el6.x86_64.rpm

Now you need to install the repo atrpms

rpm -ivh http://dl.atrpms.net/el7-x86_64/atrpms/stable/atrpms-repo-7-7.el7.x86_64.rpm

Now install ffmpeg, it will not show the message "No package found."

yum -y install ffmpeg

I hope, it will work for you.

/usr/lib/apache2/modules/libphp5.so: cannot open shared object file

If you facing this error on your ubuntu system while operating apache2, here is solution for you.

Install following package on your ubuntu system.

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5

Now try again.

Ubuntu Login Error : failed to start session

Ubuntu Login Error : failed to start session

If you are not able to log into your account and it shows above error. Here is a solution for you.

Press ctrl+alt+f1 to open command prompt.

Now install following packages.

sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop

and

sudo apt-get install gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop

Now try to Login again.

Configure: error: memcache support requires ZLIB

checking for the location of zlib,configure: error: memcache support requires ZLIB. Use --with-zlib-dir=<DIR> to specify prefix where ZLIB include and library are located
ERROR: `/tmp/pear/temp/memcache/configure --enable-memcache-session=yes' failed

To remove this error,you need to install zlib package.

If you are using Debian or Ubuntu, Run command

sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run command

sudo yum install zlib-devel

Now run again,

sudo /opt/lampp/bin/pecl install memcache

If it runs successfully

Add line

extension=memcache.so

in the file php.ini.

Restart xampp.

Memcache php extension not loaded

 Memcache php extension not loaded

If you are using XAMPP and you are facing this error while running your web application, Run following command in terminal.

sudo /opt/lampp/bin/pecl install memcache

If you face error: phpize failed
To remove this error, you need to install autoconf package.

If you are using Debian or Ubuntu, Run command

sudo apt-get install autoconf

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run command

sudo yum install autoconf

Now Run:

sudo /opt/lampp/bin/pecl install memcache

If you face error: 
checking for the location of zlib,configure: error: memcache support requires ZLIB. Use --with-zlib-dir=<DIR> to specify prefix where ZLIB include and library are located
ERROR: `/tmp/pear/temp/memcache/configure --enable-memcache-session=yes' failed

To remove this error,you need to install zlib package.

If you are using Debian or Ubuntu, Run command

sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run command

sudo yum install zlib-devel

Now run again,

sudo /opt/lampp/bin/pecl install memcache

If it runs successfully

Add line

extension=memcache.so

in the file php.ini.

Restart xampp

Error while restarting xampp - apachectl returned 1.

Error while restarting xampp - apachectl returned 1.

If you are facing this error while restarting XAMPP, the reason may be your virtualhost file. (/opt/lampp//etc/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf)

Check your virtual host file if there is any garbage text in it and Apache is not able to understand it.

Garbage text means half closed tags, copy-paste unnecessary data etc

Check your file closely and make necessary corrections.

Solution II
If you are still facing same problem, open Directory /opt/lampp/logs
and remove the file httpd.pid.

sudo rm -f /opt/lampp/logs/httpd.pid 

Now restart xampp. You should not face this problem again.

php pdo driver not found

php connect to mssql database on Linux using pdo: driver not found
php pdo mssql driver installation on centos and ubuntu

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run commands

sudo yum install php-pdo
sudo yum install php-mssql
sudo yum install freetds-devel libxml2-devel

If you are using Debian or Ubuntu, Run

sudo apt-get install php5-dev php5-mysql php5-odbc php5-sybase libmysqlclient-dev freetds-dev

dblib is needed on Linux to connect to mssql server using pdo.

Here is php code to connect to ms sql server from Linux Apache using pdo.

<?php
$dsn = 'dblib:dbname=testdb;host=127.0.0.1';
$user = 'dbuser';
$password = 'dbpass';
$dbh = new PDO($dsn, $user, $password);
?>

Now try to connect MS SQL server.

mkmf.rb can't find header files for ruby at /usr/lib/ruby/ruby.h

/usr/bin/ruby extconf.rb
mkmf.rb can't find header files for ruby at /usr/lib/ruby/ruby.h
Gem files will remain installed in /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/ffi-1.9.6 for inspection.
Results logged to /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/ffi-1.9.6/ext/ffi_c/gem_make.out

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run command

sudo yum install ruby-devel

If you are using debian or ubuntu, Run command

sudo apt-get install ruby-dev

nodejs npm - Fatal error: unable to find local grunt

Fatal error: unable to find local grunt

You need to install grunt on your system.
All the explanations are here.

To solve this problem, Run following command in terminal :

npm install -g grunt-cli
npm install grunt --save-dev
npm install grunt-cli

cronjob is running at wrong timezone

cronjob time zone is wrong

First check hardware time and timezone using command

hwclock

If it is different than system time, it may be possible that your cron is following hardware time.

Set your hardware clock time same as system time using command

hwclock -w

Now check if cron is following correct time zone.

If you are still facing problem, Restart cron daemon once.
You need to restart cron when you change your time zone.

If you are still facing problem, Restart your system once.

karma - can not start chrome

INFO [karma]: Karma v0.12.24 server started at http://localhost:xxxx/
INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
ERROR [launcher]: Cannot start Chrome

Set chrome path using

export CHROME_BIN=/opt/google/chrome/google-chrome

Now run your script.

If you are still facing this error, Install chrome launcher using

npm install karma-chrome-launcher

Now run your script.

If you are still facing this error.
Kill all instances of chrome.
Output of `ps aux | grep chrome | grep -v grep` should be empty.
Now run your script.

Install ioncube loader on ubuntu

ioncube loaders are available for 32 bit and 64 bit system both.
Suppose you are using 32 bit Linux system (CentOs, Fedora, Ubuntu or Debian).

Download 32 bit ioncube loader zip file from

http://downloads3.ioncube.com/loader_downloads/ioncube_loaders_lin_x86.tar.gz

Extract it and Put the directory in your htdocs, Now run

http://localhost/ioncube/loader-wizard.php

There are number of ioncube .so files in the ioncube directory because you may have different version of php. When you run the wizard, it shows required .so file which you should use, copy your required ioncube.so file and put it in /usr/lib/php5/200.....

Add following line at bottom of the line [php] in the file php.ini

zend_extension = /usr/lib/php5/200..../ioncube_loader_lin_5.x.so

Restart apache2, and run

http://localhost/ioncube/loader-wizard.php

you will get
The ionCube Loader version 4.6.1 for PHP 5.4 is already installed and encoded files should run without problems.

Install ioncube-loader on centOS 64bit

ioncube loaders are available for 32 bit and 64 bit system both.
Suppose you are using 64 bit Linux system (CentOs, Fedora, Ubuntu or Debian).

Download 64 bit ioncube loader zip file from

http://downloads2.ioncube.com/loader_downloads/ioncube_loaders_lin_x86-64.tar.gz

Extract it and Put the directory in your htdocs, Now run

http://localhost/ioncube/loader-wizard.php

There are number of ioncube .so files in the ioncube directory because you may have different version of php. When you run the wizard, it shows required .so file which you should use, copy your required ioncube.so file and put it in /usr/lib64/php/modules (for centOS 64 bit) 

Add following line at bottom of the line [php] in the file php.ini

zend_extension = /usr/lib64/php/modules/ioncube_loader_lin_5.4.so

Restart httpd, and run

http://localhost/ioncube/loader-wizard.php

you will get
The ionCube Loader version 4.6.1 for PHP 5.4 is already installed and encoded files should run without problems.

If you restart httpd and check the status,if it says
httpd dead but subsys locked
 
It means zend_extension is somewhere defined in the ini file, comment the line, restart httpd and it will be running.

Cronjob is executing twice / multiple times

If you have set a script in cron and it executes twice, check following things.

1) Check if there is another entry of same cronjob.

2) Check if two different users are executing the same cron.

If both solutions are not working, Try this.

3) There may be high chances if cron daemon is running twice. Check if it is true using command

ps aux | grep cron | grep -v grep

If there are two entries, kill one job or stop the cron service twice and run it again. Make sure you check again that there is only one cron daemon is running.

Alias "bootstrap.helpers.*" is invalid. Make sure it points to an existing directory or file

Alias "bootstrap.helpers.*" is invalid. Make sure it points to an existing directory or file

If you are getting this error while executing a php web application. The reason may be your php version is less than 5.3. Upgrade it equal to or greater than 5.3 and try again.

If you have PHP Version 5.2.17 or similar, you may have this error.

Errors were encountered while processing: mysql-server-5.5 ... E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

start: Job failed to start
invoke-rc.d: initscript mysql, action "start" failed.
dpkg: error processing mysql-server-5.5 (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 1
No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already
Errors were encountered while processing:
mysql-server-5.5
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

I know you have tried all these solutions that's why you are here but just take a look at once before watching my final solution which is going to work for you.

Solution : 1
Run command

sudo dpkg --configure -a

Solution : 2
Remove and install mysql server again, Run commands :

sudo apt-get --purge remove mysql-server
sudo apt-get install mysql-server

Solution : 3
Remove mysql-server and mysql-server-5.5 package from the file /var/lib/dpkg/status and reconfigure mysql-server

sudo dpkg --configure -a

But you have tried all these solutions and still you are facing same problem, try this Final Solution.
 
Final Solution
Run Command :

sudo apt-get install --reinstall apparmor

Now comment following line in the file /etc/mysql/my.cnf

skip-bdb

Restart mysql

sudo service mysql start

Now your mysql will be started.

Transfer files from one linux server to another linux server

scp from one remote server to another remote server

If you are trying to transfer files from one remote server to another remote server using scp and you are getting permission denied error, here is the solution for you.

Suppose you are using system A and you want to transfer files from system B to system C and you are trying

scp user1@systemB-IP:/location/sourcefile user2@systemC-IP:/location/targetFile

But you are getting permission denied error

You should use

ssh user1@systemB-IP scp /location/sourceFile user2@systemC-IP:/location/targetFile

But still you are getting permission denied error, try

ssh -t user1@systemB-IP scp /location/sourceFile user2@systemC-IP:/location/targetFile

Example :
IP of system A - 192.168.0.11
IP of system B - 192.168.0.12
IP of system C - 192.168.0.13

Source file location on system B - /opt/lampp/htdocs/install.log
Destination location on system C - /opt/logs

You are log in to system A and you want to transfer file from system B to system C. Run following command :

ssh -t root@192.168.0.12 scp /opt/lampp/htdocs/install.log root@192.168.0.13:/opt/logs

Solution : 2
Save public key file of your system (system A) into system B and system C.

scp $HOME/.ssh/filename.pub root@192.168.0.12:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys

scp $HOME/.ssh/filename.pub root@192.168.0.13:/root/.ssh/authorized_keys

and now run

scp root@192.168.0.12:/opt/lampp/htdocs/install.log root@192.168.0.13:/opt/logs

Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal

Pseudo-terminal will not be allocated because stdin is not a terminal

if you get this error while log into another Linux account using ssh, here is the solution.

Use -t -t with ssh.

ssh -t -t hostname
Example :
ssh -t -t user@192.168.0.7

unknown job `servicename`

unknown job error ubuntu

Service is installed but when you try to start, stop or restart, it gives you unknown job error. 
If you are facing this problem in root account, here is the solution.

Use sudo with your command but there should be no need to use sudo in root account. Use sudo and if your command is executed successfully, it means you have not created alias for sudo.

Add this line in .bashrc file of root.
alias service="sudo service"
You will find the file here i.e. /root/.bashrc

ubuntu - root login not possible through ssh

ubuntu 14.04 - Enable root login for ssh

If you are trying to log into root account of ubuntu system using ssh and you are getting permission denied error. You are quite sure that your password is correct but still you are facing this error. It means root account is disabled for ssh.
Follow the steps to enable it.

Open file /etc/ssh/sshd_config on your ubuntu system.
Replace line
PermitRootLogin without-password
with
PermitRootLogin yes
Restart ssh.
Now try to log into root account using ssh.

Postfix : Port 25 is not opened in Linux, opened in firewall

Port 25 is not in opened port list

If you have installed postfix mail server and port 25 is not visible in opened port list. 
Have you opened it in iptables ( firewall ) ?
The line should be included in iptables.

-A INPUT -p tcp -m state -m tcp --dport 25 --state NEW -j ACCEPT

Yes, Yes, it is opened in firewall. I do not want this solution. 
Okay Okay

Open configuration file of postfix. /etc/postfix/main.cf
Check the parameter inet_interface, it should be

inet_interface=all

Now restart postfix again. It will be listed in opened port list.

lvm device not found in /dev/mapper

lvm device is missing. lvm Volume status is not available. Missing Volume.

If you are not able to find your logical volume (lvm device), check the status of the device or volume.
Run command

lvdisplay

If LV status is Not Available, it will not be listed in /dev/mapper or your lvm device directory.
Make the status available, Run command

vgchange -a y

It makes status available of all volumes.

Now the device will be visible in /dev/mapper or your lvm device directory.
Mount the device using

mount -t ext4 /path/of/the/lvm/device /path/of/mounted/location

Suppose I want to mount vg-lv_home in /home, I run

mount -t ext4 /dev/mapper/vg-lv_home /home

Now I can see all my files of the volume in /home

lvm commands not found

-bash: pvscan: command not found
-bash: lvdisplay: command not found
-bash: vgcreate: command not found
-bash: lvcreate: command not found
-bash: lvscan: command not found
-bash: pvdisplay: command not found
-bash: lvm: command not found

If you are using CentOS or fedora or RHEL and you are getting these errors again and again when you try to run lvm commands. It means lvm is not installed or corrupted on your system. Reinstall lvm again.

yum install lvm2

If it is not able to find lvm2 package and shows

No package lvm2 available.

It means your repositories do not have this package.
Enable appropriate repository like base, remi, rpmforge or epel and install it again.

If you have enabled all available repositories and still it shows "No package available."
Check the file /etc/yum.conf
The lvm2 package should not be there in exclude packages.
Repos do not list exclude packages and do not install them. If it is under exclude attribute, remove it and run install command again.
It should be installed.

Create Case insensitive databases and tables in mysql

Linux is case sensitive system. You can create Test or test or tesT files in same directory.
That's why you can create Test and teST both databases in mysql.
But if you do not want case sensitivity while creating databases and tables in mysql. Here is solution for you.

Add following attribute in the file my.cnf

lower_case_table_names = 1

Restart mysql.
It disables case sensitivity. Now you can not create linuxamination or Linuxamination or LinuXamination all three databases. You can create any one of three. Same rule is applicable for tables.

If you do not want this feature, remove this line or set the attribute 0.

Configure: error: not found. Please provide a path to MagickWand-config or Wand-config program. ERROR: `/tmp/pear/temp/imagick/configure --with-imagick' failed

/tmp/pear related errors while installing imagick

If you are facing this error in Ubuntu or Debian

sudo apt-get install libmagickwand-dev libmagickcore-dev

If you are facing this error in fedora or CentOS

sudo yum install imagemagick php-magickwand php-pecl-imagick

Install Imagick on Linux

Install Imagick on CentOS, fedora or RHEL
If you are using XAMPP, Run

sudo /opt/lampp/bin/pecl install imagick

If you get any error related to /tmp/pear, it means development packages are not installed in your xampp. Download and install latest version of xampp. It comes with devel packages or find and install devel packages of your version of xampp.

If you have installed httpd/mysqld on CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run

sudo pecl install imagick

Click here and here to resolve error.

If it installs successfully, add line 

extension=imagick.so

in the file php.ini
Restart apache. 

Install Imagick on Ubuntu or Debian
If you are using XAMPP, Run

sudo /opt/lampp/bin/pecl install imagick

If you get any error related to /tmp/pear, it means development packages are not installed in your xampp. Download and install latest version of xampp. It comes with devel packages or find and install devel packages of your version of xampp.
If you have installed apache2/mysql on Ubuntu or Debian, Run

sudo pecl install imagick

Click here and here to resolve error.

If it installs successfully, add line 

extension=imagick.so

in the file php.ini
Restart apache.

PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library '/usr/lib64/php/modules/imagick.so' - liblcms2.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory in Unknown on line 0

Not able to install imagick on CentOS, fedora or RHEL
liblcms2.so.2: cannot open shared object file

Install following packages in RHEL, fedora or CentOS

yum install lcms2

mysql Error : Missing system table mysql.proxies_priv

To remove the error, run following command

sudo mysql_upgrade -u root -p

If your system does not identify mysql_upgrade, you can try these two commands.

mysqlcheck --no-defaults --check-upgrade --all-databases --auto-repair
mysql < fix_priv_tables

InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally!

mysql crashes frequently

Solution : 1
Restart your machine.

If it does not solve the problem and mysql crashes frequently with same error.

Solution : 2
Check attribute max_allowed_packet in the file my.cnf

max_allowed_packet=128M
OR
max_allowed_packet=256M

Restart mysql.
If it is not there, add it and restart mysql.

but if it does not solve the problem and mysql crashes frequently with same error.

Solution : 3
Repair all databases of mysql using following commands.

mysqlcheck --no-defaults --check-upgrade --all-databases --auto-repair
mysqlcheck --no-defaults --all-databases --fix-db-names --fix-table-names

If still your mysql crashes frequently.
Reinstall it again.

Allow / Block ssh / sftp for specific Users / Group

Allow ssh / sftp to selected users
If you want to give ssh / sftp privileges to certain users, here is the solution.
Add following line in the file /etc/sshd_config

AllowUsers username1 username2 username3

If you want to allow certain groups only, add following line in /etc/sshd_config

AllowGroups username1 username2 username3

Restart service ssh.

Block ssh / sftp for selected users
If you want to restrict certain users to access ssh / sftp, here is the solution.
Add following line in the file /etc/sshd_config

DenyUsers username1 username2 username3

If you want to block certain groups only, add following line in /etc/sshd_config

DenyGroups username1 username2 username3

Restart service ssh.

Extract an iso file in Linux using command line

Extract an iso file on terminal in Linux

Run following command

sudo mount -o loop "/path/of/iso/file.iso" /mnt
Example :
sudo mount -o loop "/home/user/Downloadsubuntu-12.04.3-desktop-i386.iso" /mnt

Now the iso file contents will be mounted in /mnt
You can copy them anywhere.

sudo cp -r /mnt /your/desired/destination/directory
Example :
sudo cp -r /mnt /home/user/Documents/files

If you do not want to use command line, you can extract it using Archive Manager.
Right click on the iso file and select "Extract here'.
If you have Archive manager, you can mount it using Archive Mounter and files will be opened as separate drive.

Postfix - Change Sender's email address from root

When you send mail using Postfix through command line or similar way, it shows sender's e-mail address root@domain-name. You do not want this and you want your defined email should be visible in recipient's mailbox. Follow the steps.

Add following line in the file /etc/postfix/main.cf 

smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic

Now edit the file /etc/postfix/generic, if it is not there, create it.
Add your 'from address' and 'the address you want to be seen in place of from address' in this file.
Example :

root@domain.com linuxamination@gmail.com
user1@domain.com linuxamination@gmail.com

You can define different mail addresses for each user of Linux. 
Now Run following commands in terminal.

postmap /etc/postfix/generic

and

service postfix restart

Now it displays linuxamination@gmail.com as sender, when I send mail as a root or user1.

echo "content-of-the-mail" | mail -s "subject-of-the-mail" "recipient@mail-address.com" 

Cannot find autoconf. Please check your autoconf installation and the $PHP_AUTOCONF environment variable ERROR: `phpize' failed

Install autoconf on your Linux system.

If you are using Debian or Ubuntu, Run

sudo apt-get install autoconf

If you are using CentOS or RHEL or fedora, Run 

sudo yum install autoconf

httpd dead but pid file exists

Your Apache is not working because it gives following error :
httpd dead but pid file exists

You have tried to restart Apache several times but still it gives same error.
To remove this error, you need to remove Semaphore Arrays of Apache.

Find all Semaphore Arrays of Apache. Run following command in terminal.

ipcs -s | grep apache

Now remove each entry using command

ipcrm -s semid

semid is second column of the table.

If there are multiple entries of Apache and it is difficult to remove each entry individually, Run following command.

for i in `ipcs -s | grep apache | awk '{ print $2 }'` ; do ipcrm -s $i ; done;

If it is not working for you, Run

ipcs -s | grep apache |  perl -e 'while (<STDIN>) { @a=split(/\s+/); print `ipcrm sem $a[1]`}'

Now restart Apache. Run following command.

service httpd restart 

Solution : 2
If still you are facing same error after restarting Apache. Run

rm /var/lock/subsys/httpd

and Run

rm /var/run/httpd/httpd.pid

Now restart Apache again.

service httpd restart 

Now what is Semaphore Array
A semaphore is a variable or abstract data type that is used for controlling access, by multiple processes.
In its simplest form a semaphore is a location in memory whose value can be tested and set by more than one process. 
ipcs  provides  information on the ipc facilities for which the calling process has read access.
-s displays semaphore arrays.
ipcrm removes a message queue, semaphore set or shared memory id.

code 127 --> sh: /usr/bin/expect: not found

 sh: /usr/bin/expect: not found

Install expect on your Linux system.

If you are using ubuntu or debian, Run

sudo apt-get install expect

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL, Run

sudo yum install expect

ftp server vsftpd - Allow root login

 

By Default, root is not able to access ftp because it's name in the list of /etc/ftpusers or /etc/vsftpd/ftpusers
Remove root from the list. Save the file.
Restart vsftpd.
root will be able to log-in using ftp.

If you are using CentOS, fedora or RHEL and still you are not able to log in as root in your ftp server.
Add following line in the file vsftpd.conf
userlist_deny=YES
Remove user root in file /etc/vsftpd/user_list 
Restart vsftpd.
root should be able to log-in using ftp.

 

You can see the solution in the following video.

 

Open XAMPP control Panel - A GUI interface

XAMPP Control Panel - A GUI Interface

If you do not want to start/stop/restart xampp using command line, you can do it using UI interface. Just click on the button and your service will be started/stopped.

If you are using new XAMPP
To open XAMPP's control Panel (GUI interface), Run following command.

cd /opt/lampp && sudo ./manager-linux.run

If you are using older versions of XAMPP, Run following command.

gksu /opt/lampp/share/xampp-control-panel/xampp-control-panel

You can create launcher for this command. Whenever you run the launcher, it launches the XAMPP control panel.

Install XAMPP using command line on Linux

Install XAMPP using command line on Ubuntu, CentOS, Fedora, Debian, RHEL

If you are installing xampp first time on your linux system then it is fine but if you have installed it before and there is directory lampp in your /opt. You should rename it first.

# mv /opt/lampp /opt/lampp_old

Now download xampp installer from here.

A file xampp-linux-version-number-installer.run will be downloaded.

Suppose it is in directory Downloads.

Make the file executable.

# chmod a+x ~/Downloads/xampp-linux-version-number-installer.run

Now run the file.

# cd ~/Downloads
# ./xampp-linux-version-number-installer.run

It will open the wizard, now complete it to install xampp.

 

 

 

 

Now when you click on finish button, XAMPP's GUI interface will be appeared.

Now you can start/stop Apache & mysql using UI interface. Click on 'Manage servers' and you will be able to start/stop servers using buttons.

Open xampp in Browser

http://localhost/xampp

Open XAMPP control panel / GUI interface

Run following command in terminal

# cd /opt/lampp && sudo ./manager-linux.run